INTRODUCTION:

The utmost benchmark to determine the trophic structure of a pond is the study of primary productivity. The food chain in pond ecosystem is very elementary which involves primary producers (aquatic vegetation and phytoplanktons), primary consumers (zooplanktons), secondary consumers (small fishes) and tertiary consumers (large fishes). Since planktons are very delicate and extremely sensitive in nature, they are the first ones to get hurt from water pollution among all the floating community. Any unwelcome change in pond ecosystem affects the biomass as well as diversity of planktons. The evaluation of plankton’s productivity illustrates the realization of conservation ratio at different trophic levels and resources as mandatory information for appropriate handling of the pond. There are couples of noteworthy investigations on diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in Indian ponds and lakes lead by various groups^1-5. Algal blooms show the quality of pond water, and are mainly supported by key nutrient phosphorous. The phosphorous and other essential micronutrients like Fe, Mg, Zn, and Cu are normally settled in the bottom of the pond, which functions as sink, and are used by the organisms. The mineralization of organic matters again releases these micronutrients and thus maintains the cycle⁶.

The ecosystem of a fishpond is mainly governed by the planktonic community and physicochemical parameters of water. In general, man-made fishponds are shallow water bodies and their physicochemical, spatial, temporal, and biological characteristics greatly influence the planktonic population and diversity. These ponds contribute significantly in maintaining distribution and biodiversity of regional freshwater aquatic organisms⁷. The trophic state of water as well as the changes in taxonomic composition of planktons with variation in nutrient pool, greatly affects the phytoplankton community of the fishpond⁸. Nevertheless, Rotifera and Copepoda are the most vibrant taxa among zooplanktons in the fishpond, it is tedious to single out particular abiotic factor which governs the biological processes in the pond⁹.

In the food web of an aquatic ecosystem fishes reside at all the three levels (primary, secondary, and tertiary) of consumers. Being a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, vitamins (D and B₂) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, zinc, iodine and potassium), fishes are consumed by humans as top consumer in this food web system. A study established fish as the most economical source of protein among all the meats considering its low harvesting and processing costs comparatively¹⁰. The studies on fresh water fishes of India in the past were largely focused on their taxonomical aspects^11,12. Apart from weather, the anthropogenically induced factors like nutrient rich supplementary feeding of fish, fertilization, high fish density etc., affects the productivity of a fishpond. All the fishponds have naturally occurring rich nutrient pool on their bottom sediments¹³. This study presents the very first reporton the status and diversity of phytoplanktons, zooplanktons and fishes (species) in the temple pond of Ujain, Duraundha (Bihar) during two annual cycles 2017-18 and 2018-19 of this study. The relationship among different limnological parameters with planktonic and ichthyo diversity in the studied pond is also discussed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Study area: The fishpond reported in this study is located at latitude 26.219622 and longitude 84.356659 with the gps coordinates of 26° 13' 10.6392” N and 84° 21' 23.9724” E in the village Ujain of block Duraundha and district Siwan of the Indian state Bihar. The subjected pond is quite old with untraceable origin, and with a total catchment area of about 3161.60 m².

Planktonic Analysis: The water samples were collected from the surface, littoral region and the bottom mud of the pond to analyze planktonic population and their distribution in the pond. The qualitative analysis was carried out by collecting plankton samples through repeated towing of Hensen's standard plankton net with uniform speed. The Hensen's standard plankton net was made up of bolting silk (number 25). The as collected planktonic samples were fixed using 70% ethanol solution. The quantitative evaluation of the zooplanktons were carried out by filtering almost 50 L of surface water through a plankton net of material bolting silk number 25. From this, subsamples of volume 10ml were taken to the counting chamber and the counting of zooplanktons were performed under a Carl Zeiss Inverted microscope. The identification of the zooplanktons and phytoplanktons were done following the guidelines^14-17and their numbers were presented as individuals per litre. The primary productivity in the selected pond was evaluated by adopting light and dark bottle method^18,19.

Ichthyo-diversity analysis: In order to study icthyofauna of the subjected pond, the fishes were collected from the pond with the help of local fishermen, and identified following the guidelines^12,20-23.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The primary production regulates the energy flow in an aquatic ecosystem, and thus determines the trophic status of aquatic bodies. The obtained results, as shown in table 1, exhibit maxima in summer season during both the annual cycles. The values of NPP (net primary production) and GPP (gross primary production) were estimated as 42.93mg/L/h and 53.32mg/L/h in summer of 2017-18, and 46.46mg/L/h and 58.10mg/L/h in summer of 2018-19, respectively. The community respiration in the pond was observed to be minimum (9.01mg/L/h) in winter of 2017-18, and maximum (11.64mg/L/h) in summer of 2018-19, during the study period. Other groups have also reported maximum productivity during summer and monsoon seasons as compared to winter season in temperate freshwater ponds^24-27. Also, different limnological parameters of the pond like temperature, phosphates, nitrates, pH, biological oxygen demand, free CO₂, alkalinity, hardness, conductivity, chlorides, silicates, calcium, potassium, and magnesium, reported elsewhere, have shown positive correlation with the productivity.

Table 1: Planktonic density and productivity of Ujain Temple Pond, Siwan, during biannual seasonal analysis of year 2017-19.

S. No.	Parameters	Ujain pond						Average	Std. Dev.
		2017-18			2018-19
		W	S	M	W	S	M
1.	Phytoplankton density (no./L)	1055	664	1193	1063	743	1374	1015.33	245.51
2.	Zooplankton density (no./L)	37	61	36	34	60	43	45.16	11.18
3.	Initial dissolved O₂ (mg/L)	13.65	11.41	12.36	14.49	12.78	13.89	13.09	1.02
4.	Dissolved O₂ after incubation in light (mg/L)	27.53	54.34	47.24	30.87	59.24	49.59	44.80	11.69
5.	Dissolved O₂ after incubation in dark (mg/L)	4.64	1.02	2.14	4.96	1.14	2.94	2.80	1.55
6.	Respiration (mg/L/h)	9.01	10.39	10.22	9.53	11.64	10.95	10.29	0.86
7.	NPP (mg/L/h)	13.88	42.93	34.88	16.38	46.46	35.70	31.70	12.39
8.	GPP (mg/L/h)	22.89	53.32	45.10	25.91	58.10	46.65	41.99	13.18
9.	NPP : GPP	0.60	0.80	0.77	0.63	0.79	0.76	0.72	0.07

The phytoplanktonic community comprises most of the primary producers, and is the base of food chainsin the aquatic ecosystem. There were seven groups of phytoplanktons were identified during this study in the subjected pond namely Dinophyceae, Myxophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Desmidiaceae, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Chlorodendrophyceae, which are tabulated in Table 1.

Total 59 forms of phytoplanktons were identified and among them 4 were classified as Dinophyceae, 9 as Myxophyceae, 3 as Xanthophyceae, 3 as Desmidiaceae, 11 as Bacillariophyceae, 28 as Chlorophyceae, and 1 as Chlorodendrophyceae in the water of studied Ujain pond (Table 2). The most notable and abundant phytoplankton species observed in this study wereChlorella sp., Spirulina sp., Skeletonema sp., Tetraselmis sp., and Chaetoceros sp.

These phytoplanktonic species are quite rich in nutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids and have positive impact on growth and overall health of fishes in the pond. Apart from this, phytoplanktons also make use of nitrogenous waste products (ammonia and nitrates) of fishes and other aquatic animals in the pond water, and help in reducing their concentration, which can otherwise hamper the water quality and fish growth.

Phytoplanktons also hinder or restrict the formation and settlement of noxious benthic algal species by providing shading. Once these benthic algal species grow in absence of enough phytoplanktonic shade on the pond’s surface, they tend to float in mats driven by the buoyancy from gas vacuoles and amass in sluggish corners of the pond. After sinking, these mats decompose and yield hydrogen sulphide, which is quite harmful to the pond fauna. The photosynthesis performing phytoplanktonic algae are also a vital source of dissolved oxygenin the aquatic ecosystem, and the rate of oxygen (dissolved) evolution by photosynthesis is much quicker than the rate of diffusion of atmospheric oxygen into the pond water. A part from beneficial phytoplanktons from fish culture point of view, few troublesome phytoplanktonic species and groups were also present in relatively small numbers in the studied pond water. These include species like Anabaena and Microcystis from the group myxophyceae, Ceratium and Glenidium from the group dinophyceae and few more species from other groups. These species are known to flourish in nutrient-rich pond water, but when they die due to depletion of dissolved oxygen, they often release biotoxins, which can be potentially harmful to fishes and other aquaculture organisms.

Table 2: List of phytoplanktos observed in Ujain Temple Pond, Siwan.

S. No.	Name of Phytoplankters	Ujain pond
		2017-18			2018-19
		W	S	M	W	S	M
I. DINOPHYCEAE
1.	Sphaerodinium sp.	-	4	-	-	3	-
2.	Ceratium sp.	2	-	-	3	-	5
3.	Peridinium sp.	7	20	-	9	-	-
4.	Glenidium sp.	4	9	-	-	11	-
II. MYXOPHYCEAE
5.	Lyngbya sp.	-	-	-	-	4	7
6.	Gomphosphaeria sp.	-	3	-	5	8	13
7.	Coccochlaris sp.	34	13	21	29	9	17
8.	Spirulina sp.	78	62	94	86	67	126
9.	Nostoc sp.	10	5	-	12	4	8
10.	Oscillatoria sp.	-	12	4	3	9	7
11.	Anabaena sp.	18	4	14	16	-	12
12.	Agmenellum sp.	-	-	-	-	45	14
13.	Microcystis sp.	32	46	-	43	57	-
III. XANTHOPHYCEAE
14.	Botryococcus sp.	-	-	8	-	-	14
15.	Botrydiopsis sp.	-	-	-	6	-	-
16.	Chlorobotrys sp.	-	-	4	-	-	3
IV. DESMIDIACEAE
17.	Sphaerozosma sp.	-	-	-	4	-	-
18.	Desmidium sp.	-	-	9	-	-	3
19.	Cosmarium sp.	6	-	4	5	8	12
V. BACILLARIOPHYCEAE
20.	Bacillaria sp.	33	18	-	24	14	-
21.	Cymbella sp.	27	11	34	19	7	21
22.	Gomphonema sp.	-	-	7	3	-	13
23.	Skeletonema sp.	87	54	113	73	51	122
24.	Asterionella sp.	-	-	24	-	-	19
25.	Nitzschia sp.	-	17	30	-	-	24
26.	Pinnularia sp.	-	21	7	-	26	9
27.	Navicula sp.	7	11	9	4	9	14
28.	Fragillaria sp.	-	9	17	-	12	27
29.	Chaetoceros sp.	76	49	97	66	55	104
30.	Cyclotella sp.	20	7	18	14	9	22
VI. CHLOROPHYCEAE
31.	Pleodorina sp.	-	-	2	-	-	6
32.	Zygnemopsis sp.	-	-	8	-	-	4
33.	Nephrocytium sp.	-	-	5	-	-	8
34.	Kirchneriella sp.	-	-	-	-	12	4
35.	Actinastrum sp.	3	-	-	7	-	-
36.	Oedocladium sp.	8	-	-	13	-	-
37.	Schizomeris sp.	4	-	-	9	-	-
38.	Closteriopsis sp.	-	6	-	-	2	-
39.	Asterococcus sp.	-	9	-	-	14	-
40.	Spaerocystis sp.	4	-	-	-	-	-
41.	Microspora sp.	7	4	9	6	7	22
42.	Hydrodictyon sp.	3	-	8	-	-	-
43.	Zygnema sp.	14	-	12	-	-	4
44.	Oocystis sp.	5	-	8	-	17	-
45.	Pediastrum sp.	11	23	31	26	22	41
46.	Mougeotia sp.	8	-	-	12	-	15
47.	Chlamydomonas sp.	-	18	-	-	-	-
48.	Cladophora sp.	20	14	32	18	16	28
49.	Ulothrix sp.	38	24	51	41	19	46
50.	Oedogonium sp.	67	-	48	73	-	86
51.	Spirogyra sp.	74	-	81	69	-	78
52.	Coelastrum sp.	40	-	-	34	-	-
53.	Ankistrodesmus sp.	-	-	30	-	-	26
54.	Chlorella sp.	114	78	125	123	82	133
55.	Scenedesmus sp.	20	15	42	18	21	49
56.	Pandorina sp.	-	10	24	-	14	33
57.	Eudorina sp.	-	-	20	-	-	16
58.	Volvox sp.	95	32	45	105	43	52
VII. CHLORODENDROPHYCEAE
59.	Tetraselmis sp.	79	56	98	85	66	107

The studied pond of Ujain, Siwan also fosters a range of zooplanktonic groups including Rotifera, Protozoa, Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Cladocera. During this study, 8 genera and 32 species of Rotifers, 6 genera and 6 species of Protozoans, 3 genera and 6 species of Copepoda, 2 genera and 2 species of Ostracoda, and 18 species of Cladocerans corresponding to 7 genera were identified. Subsequently, considering random zooplankters for instance insects, spiders, mites, and larvae of insects and crustaceans, a total of 67 forms of zooplankters were found in the subjected pond during the study period, and are tabulated in Table 3.

The richness of the zooplankton was high in the rainy season mainly due to Rotifera density. Rotifers were most abundant zooplankton community during rainy seasons. In summers, apart from Rotifers, Copepoda, Cladocera, and Protozoa were dominating the zooplanktonic groups. Winters were mainly dominated by Cladocerans. Among all the recorded species during this study, six species were found abundant in all the seasons.

Table 3: List of zooplanktons observed in Ujain Temple Pond.

No.	Name of Zooplankters	Ujain pond
		2017-18			2018-19
		W	S	M	W	S	M
Phylum - Protozoa, Sub phylum - Sarcomastigophora, Class - Phytomastigophora, Order - Volvocida, Family - Volvocacae
1.	Volvox	2	1	1	1	-	-
Family - Nebelidae
2.	Euglena sp.	-	2	1	-	3	2
	Class - Rhizopodea, Order - Amoebida
3.	Amoeba sp.	1	3	1	2	3	1
	Order - Arcellinida, Family - Arcellidae
4.	Arcelladiscoida	-	1	2	-	1	1
Family - Difflugidae
5.	Difflugia sp.	-	-	-	-	1	-
Sub phylum - Ciliophora, Class - Ciliata, Family - Paramecidae
6.	Paramecium sp.	-	1	-	-	2	-
Rotifera, Family - Brachionidae
7.	Brachionusangularis	-	-	2	-	-	1
8.	Brachionusangularisbidens	-	-	-	-	-	1
9.	Brachionuscalyciflorus	-	2	1	-	1	1
10.	Brachionuscalyciflorus with post lateral spines	-	2	1	-	3	1
11.	Brachionusdiversicornis	-	-	3	1	-	1
12.	Brachionusquadridentatus	-	-	-	1	-	2
13.	Brachionusfalcatus	-	3	2	-	1	2
14.	Brachionuscaudatus	-	2	1	-	1	1
15.	Brachionusbidentata	-	-	1	-	-	-
16.	Keratellatropica	1	2	1	-	3	-
17.	Keratellatropicaasymmetrica	-	-	1	1	1	-
18.	Keratellatropicaheterospina	-	2	1	3	-	-
19.	Keratellavulga	2	-	-	1	-	-
20.	Lopocharissalpina	-	-	1	-	-	-
21.	Anuraeopsisfissa	-	2	-	-	1	1
22.	Trichotriatetractis	-	-	1	-	-	2
23.	Trichotriasimilis	-	-	-	-	1	-
Family -Lecanidae
24.	Lecaneluna	-	1	2	-	1	3
25.	Lecanedepressa	-	-	2	-	1	1
26.	Cephalodellamucronata	-	-	-	-	-	3
27.	Monostylaquradridenta	-	1	-	-	-	2
Family - Calurinae
28.	Lepadellaovalis	1	-	2	-	-	1
29.	Lepadella patella	-	-	1	-	-	-
Family - Trichocercidae
30.	Tricocercacylindrico	-	-	-	-	2	1
31.	Tricocercalongiseta	-	1	-	-	-	1
Family - Asplanchnidae
32.	Asplanchnaherricki	-	1	-	-	-	-
33.	Asplanchnabrightwelli	-	2	-	-	1	-
Family - Synchaetidae
34.	Polyarthra vulgaris	-	2	-	-	1	-
Family - Testudinellidae
35.	Filinialongiseta	-	2	-	1	-	-
36.	Filiniaterminalis	-	-	-	-	1	-
37.	Horellamira	-	1	2	-	-	1
Family - Hexarthridae
38.	Hexarthramira	-	-	1	-	2	-
Cladocerans - Family - Sididae
39.	Diphonosomabrachyurum	2	1	-	1	1	-
Family - Daphnidae
40.	Ceriodaphnialaticaudata	-	-	-	-	-	1
41.	Ceriodaphnia acanthine	1	-	1	-	-	1
42.	Daphnia ambigua	2	1	-	3	1	-
43.	Daphnia dubia	-	-	-	1	-	-
44.	Simocephalusvetulus	1	-	-	-	1	-
Family - Moinidae
45.	Moinamicrura	1	-	-	-	1	-
46.	Moinarosea	2	-	-	-	1	1
Family - Bosminidae
47.	Bosminalongirostris	3	2	-	3	2	1
48.	Bosminacoregoni	2	1	1	2	1	-
Family - Macrotpricidae
49.	Macrothrixrosea	2	1	1	1	2	-
Family - Chydoridae
50.	Chydorusglobosus	-	1	-	2	-	-
51.	Chydorussphaericus	2	-	-	3	-	1
52.	Chydorusovalis	-	2	-	-	3	1
53.	Leydigia	2	-	-	-	-	-
Sub Family - Aloninae
54.	Alonamacrocopa	-	2	-	-	1	-
55.	Alonellaglobosa	-	1	-	-	-	2
56.	Alonelladentifera	2	-	-	-	3	1
Phylum –Arthropoda, Class –Crustacea, Sub-class -Calanoida Order –Calanoida, Family -Diaptomidae
57.	Allodiaptomus	-	1	-	-	2	-
58.	Phyllodiaptomus	-	2	-	-	3	-
59.	Rhinediaptomus	-	-	-	-	1	-
Order - Cyclopoida, Family - Cyclopidae
60.	Mesocylopshyalinus	-	2	1	2	-	1
61.	Paracyclopsaffinis	-	2	-	1	-	-
Family - Canthocamptidae
62.	Nauplii	3	1	-	2	-	1
Ostracoda
63.	Heterocypris	2	-	-	-	1	1
64.	Cyclocypris	-	-	1	-	-	1
Arthropodainsecta
Insects
65.	Insects larva	1	3	-	1	2	-
Hemiptera
66.	Water mites	1	2	-	-	2	-
Natonectidae
67.	Arachnids water spiders	1	2	-	1	1	-

During this biannual study period, fifteen species of fishes belonging to seven different family and sub-family were observed in the subjected pond of Ujain, Siwan. The taxonomical details of observed fishes are tabulated in Table 4.

The predominant fishes in the pond were Catlacatla (catla), Labeorohita (rohu), Cirrhinusmrigala (mrigal), Notopterusnotopterus (chital), Labeocalbasu (black rohu), Mystusseenghala (gangeticmystus), and Heteropneustesfossilis (stinging catfish/singhi). All the aforementioned species of fishes observed in this pond were of high nutritional value, edible, and also having good taste. Therefore, these fishes always have high demand in the local market. By adopting an organized and scientific means of fish-farming, a large number of these fishes can be harvested annually, which will further improve the financial condition of fish-farmers and thus positively impact their socio-economy.

Table 4: List of Fishes found in UjainTemple Pond during the biannual cycle 2017-19.

S. No.	Fishes	2017-18	2018-19
Order: Osteoglossiformes, Family: Notopteridae
1.	Notopterusnotopterus (Chital)	+	+
Order: Cypriniformes, Family: Cyprinidae
2.	Puntiusticto (Pothia)	+	+
3.	Puntiussaranasarana (Potah)	+	-
4.	Labeorohita (Rohu)	+	+
5.	Labeocalbasu (Black Rohu)	+	+
6.	Ctenopharyngodonidella (Grass carp)	+	+
7.	Cirrhinuscirrhinus (White carp)	+	-
8.	Cirrhinusmrigala (Mrigal)	+	+
Subfamily: Labeoninae
9.	Catlacatla (Catla)	+	+
Subfamily: Garrinae
10.	Garragotylagotyla (Gadhera)	+	+
Subfamily: Cultrinae
11.	Chela cachius (Silver hatchet chela)	+	+
Order: Siluriformes, Family: Heteropneustidae
12.	Heteropneustesfossilis (Singhi)	+	+
Family: Bagridae
13.	Mystuscavasius (Kala-tenguah)	+	+
14.	Mystustengara (Tengra)	+	+
15.	Mystusseenghala (Gangeticmystus)	+	+

CONCLUSIONS:

The planktons are vital for aquaculture ponds for multiple reasons. First and foremost, they make a huge pool of nutritious food and fish mostly feed on them particularly during their larval stage. The planktonic algae also contribute in enriching water with dissolved oxygen by their photosynthetic activity during daytime. The rate of production of dissolved oxygen via photosynthesis is always much faster than the rate of diffusion of atmospheric oxygen into water.

As evident from the obtained results, the studied Ujain pond is found rich in biodiversity of phytoplanktons, zooplanktons, and fishes. This indicates that the pond is still in good condition for fish culture after unorganized fishing till date, and by employing organized and scientific means of pisciculture better yield can be obtained. This also necessitates the need for protecting the pond from becoming eutrophic in order to be benefitted from prolonged sustainable fish-farming.

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Received on 14.08.2023 Modified on 09.10.2023

Research J. Science and Tech. 2024; 16(1):43-50.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2024.00008